Dr. Richardson, in his lectures on alcohol, given each in England and America, speaking of the action of this substance on the blood once passing from the stomach, says:
"Suppose, then, a sure live of alcohol be taken into the stomach, it can be absorbed there, however, previous to absorption, it can have to endure a correct degree of dilution with water, for there is this peculiarity respecting alcohol when it is separated by an animal membrane from a watery fluid like the blood, that it can not tolerate the membrane till it's become charged, to a given purpose of dilution, with water. It is itself, in fact, therefore greedy for water, it will choose it up from watery textures, and deprive them of it till, by its saturation, its power of reception is exhausted , when that it will diffuse into this of circulating fluid."
It is this power of absorbing water from every texture with that alcoholic spirits comes in touch, that creates the burning thirst of people who freely relishes its use. Its result, when it reaches the circulation, is thus described by Dr. Richardson:
"Because it passes through the circulation of the lungs it is exposed to the air, and a few little of it, raised into vapor by the natural heat, is thrown off in expiration. If the number of it be massive, this loss might be considerable, and the odor of the spirit might be detected within the expired breath. If the amount be small, the loss can be comparatively little, as the spirit can be held in answer by the water within the blood. When it has knowledgeable the lungs, and has been driven by the left heart over the arterial circuit, it passes into what is called the minute circulation, or the structural circulation of the organism. The arteries here extend into very tiny vessels, which are referred to as arterioles, and from these infinitely little vessels spring the equally minute radicals or roots of the veins, which are ultimately to become the nice rivers bearing the blood back to the heart. In its passage through this minute circulation the alcohol finds its method to each organ. To the present brain, to those muscles, to these secreting or excreting organs, nay, even into this bony structure itself, it moves with the blood. In some of these elements which aren't excreting, it remains for a time subtle, and in those components where there is a massive share of water, it remains longer than in different parts. From some organs which have an open tube for conveying fluids away, because the liver and kidneys, it is thrown out or eliminated, and during this method some of it is ultimately far from the body. The rest passing spherical and spherical with the circulation, is in all probability decomposed and carried off in new styles of matter.
"After we know the course which the alcohol takes in its passage through the body, from the period of its absorption to that of its elimination, we have a tendency to are the higher in a position to guage what physical changes it induces in the different organs and structures with that it comes in contact. It first reaches the blood; but, most of the time, the quantity of it that enters is insufficient to provide any material effect on that fluid. If, however, the dose taken be poisonous or semi-poisonous, then even the blood, wealthy as it is in water and it contains seven hundred and ninety components in an exceedingly thousand is affected. The alcohol is subtle through this water, and there it comes in reality with the opposite constituent elements, with the fibrine, that plastic substance which, when blood is drawn, clots and coagulates, and which is gift in the proportion of from 2 to three parts in a very thousand; with the albumen which exists in the proportion of seventy elements; with the salts which yield concerning 10 parts; with the fatty matters; and lastly, with those minute, round bodies that float in myriads within the blood (which were discovered by the Dutch philosopher, Leuwenhock, together of the first results of microscopical observation, concerning the center of the seventeenth century), and which are called the blood globules or corpuscles. These last-named bodies are, of course, cells; their discs, when natural, have a smooth outline, they're depressed in the centre, and they're red in color; the color of the blood being derived from them. We have a tendency to have discovered that there exist alternative corpuscles or cells in the blood in much smaller quantity, which are referred to as white cells, and these completely different cells float in the blood-stream at intervals the vessels. The red take the centre of the stream; the white lie externally close to the edges of the vessels, moving less quickly. Our business is especially with the red corpuscles. They perform the most necessary functions in the economy; they absorb, in nice part, the oxygen that we tend to inhale in breathing, and carry it to the intense tissues of the body; they absorb, in nice part, the carbonic acid gas that is created in the combustion of the body in the extreme tissues, and bring that gas back to the lungs to be exchanged for oxygen there; in brief, they are the important instruments of the circulation.
"With all these components of the blood, with the water, fibrine, albumen, salts, fatty matter and corpuscles, the alcohol comes to bear when it enters the blood, and, if it be in sufficient amount, it produces disturbing action. I have watched this disturbance very rigorously on the blood corpuscles; for, in some animals we will see these floating along throughout life, and we have a tendency to will conjointly observe them from men who are underneath the results of alcohol, by removing a speck of blood, and examining it with the microscope. The action of the alcohol, when it is observable, is varied. It might cause the corpuscles to run too closely along, and to stick in rolls; it may modify their outline, creating the clear-outlined, smooth, environs irregular or crenate, or maybe starlike; it may amendment the spherical corpuscle into the oval form, or, in terribly extreme cases, it could produce what I may call a truncated kind of corpuscles, in that the modification is thus nice that if we tend to didn't trace it through all its stages, we ought to be puzzled to know whether or not the article checked out were indeed a blood-cell. All these changes are because of the action of the spirit upon the water contained in the corpuscles; upon the capability of the spirit to extract water from them. Throughout each stage of modification of corpuscles therefore described, their perform to soak up and fix gases is impaired, and when the aggregation of the cells, in plenty, is nice, other difficulties arise, for the cells, united along, pass less simply than they ought to through the minute vessels of the lungs and of the final circulation, and impede the current, by which local injury is produced.
"A any action upon the blood, instituted by alcohol in excess, is upon the fibrine or the plastic colloidal matter. On this the spirit could act in 2 completely different ways, according to the degree in which it affects the water that holds the fibrine in solution. It may fix the water with the fibrine, and thus destroy the ability of coagulation; or it may extract the water thus determinately as to supply coagulation."
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